In miso and tempeh, the aglycone form is the most abundant one [9]. . Effects of Acid Rain on Plants and Trees. Zhong X.S., Ge J., Chen S.W., Xiong Y.Q., Ma S.J., Chen Q. Ronis M.J., Little J.M., Barone G.W., Chen G., Radominska-Pandya A., Badger T.M. The enzyme lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) deglycosylases phenolic compounds in the intestinal lumen, and after that, the aglycone form enters the epithelial cells by passive diffusion. Plasma isoflavone concentration is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes in Korean women but not men: Results from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. For the development of this section, the meta-analyses and systematic reviews published between 2015 and 2020 were taken into account. Franco et al. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are imperative. Batterham T.J., Shutt D.A., Braden A.W.H., Tweeddale H.J. But that doesn't mean that they dig in their heels and argue about it. Overall, evidence regarding the use of isoflavones in cancer prevention suggests that they may be useful in reducing the risk of suffering from some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, two of the types for which the association between isoflavone intake and cancer risk has been studied more in-depth. The authors observed that soy isoflavone consumption was inversely associated with cancer deaths. Possible mechanism of action of isoflavones for menopausal symptoms. Rienks et al. In this sense, the authors suggested that the composition of the gut microflora may influence isoflavone absorption and metabolism and could affect the production of isoflavone metabolites, which, in turn, could mediate their biological activity. To address the link between lunar phases and agriculture from a scientic perspective, we conducted a review of textbooks and monographs used to teach agronomy, botany, horticulture and plant physiology; we also consider the physics that address the e ects of the Moon on our planet. Zamora-Ros R., Knaze V., Rothwell J.A., Hmon B., Moskal A., Overvad K., Tjnneland A., Kyr C., Fagherazzi G., Boutron-Ruault M.C., et al. Kelly G.E., Nelson C., Waring M.A., Joannou G.E., Reeder A.Y. Our findings illustrate that foraging rodents, well known to be risk-averse during moonlit nights, are also affected by the presence of an invasive plant. Simental-Menda L.E., Gotto A.M., Atkin S.L., Banach M., Pirro M., Sahebkar A. Franco O.H., Chowdhury R., Troup J., Voortman T., Kunutsor S., Kavousi M., Oliver-Williams C., Muka T. Use of Plant-Based Therapies and Menopausal Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. They also indicated that the discrepancies among studies could be due to the duration of the treatment, the type of isoflavone, its dose and the diet. This fact suggests that other components, such as fiber in the soy foods, may account for these negative associations. In a study conducted by Karr et al., the authors analyzed the urinary excretion of genistein, daidzein, equol and O-DMA in fourteen young men and women [47]. Bacterial metabolites of isoflavones forming in the gut. Barnes S. The biochemistry, chemistry and physiology of the isoflavones in soybeans and their food products. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia and blood pressure [60]. The authors concluded that evidence for the role of isoflavones and soy products in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases was scarce and inconclusive. Dietary polyphenol intake in Europe: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. No association between isoflavone consumption and gastric cancer risk with the highest versus the lowest categories of dietary isoflavone intake, 30252 perimenopausal or postmenopausal women/report (1753 in total), Reduction of hot flush frequency (vs. placebo), Slight and slow attenuation of hot flushes (vs. estradiol), Slight and slow attenuation of hot flushes (vs. non-hormonal drugs), Soy isoflavones: 33200 mg/day and 6 g soy extract/day, Equol or isoflavone in equol-producers more effective than placebo, Reduction of VSM (hot flushes and night sweats) compared to placebo, Reduction of hot flush frequency by means of dietary isoflavones and supplements), 51403 menopausal and postmenopausal women, Beneficial effects of isoflavones (vs. placebo), 40403 menopausal and postmenopausal women. After the consumption of around 17 mg of isoflavones per day, the median plasma concentrations of genistein, glycitein, daidzein and equol were 245.3 ng/mL, 9.8 ng/mL, 86.8 ng/mL and 12.7 ng/mL, respectively. In general terms, it has been observed that in Asian countries where there is high consumption of soy and its derived foodstuffs, isoflavone intake is high, ranging from 15 to 60 mg/day [20,21], whereas, in western countries, it is notably lower, around 12 mg/day [22,23,24]. Consequently, isoflavones can have estrogenic or anti-estrogenic effects [3]. However, it is important to point out that the beneficial effects of soy isoflavone consumption have been exhibited by women with estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer, but not by women with receptor-positive breast cancer, who present a better prognosis [62]. After an extensive bibliographical review, the expert panel concluded that the results of observational studies do not support the hypothesis of an increased risk of breast cancer after isoflavone-rich food supplement intake [93]. Although results vary greatly, most of these applications are supported by at least a few clinical studies. In soybeans, the three most abundant isoflavones are present in four chemical forms: aglycone, glycoside, acetylglycoside and malonylglucoside (Table 1 and Figure 2). Contrary to other types of renewable energies, such as wind and hydroelectricity, evidence on the effects of PV panels on biodiversity has been building up only fairly recently. You et al. Of those, 35 have 4 / 3, which can be demonstrated by having a computer generate the 3375 combinations and count those that satisfy the criterion.Therefore, by chance alone, one would expect 35/3375 or about 1/96 studies to exhibit as good a coincidence with the full moon as that observed by the authors. This chemical feature confers estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects to isoflavones, depending on the cell type and the binding to - or -estrogen receptors. Chalvon-Demersay T., Azzout-Marniche D., Arfsten J., Egli L., Gaudichon C., Karagounis L.G., Tom D. A Systematic Review of the Effects of Plant Compared with Animal Protein Sources on Features of Metabolic Syndrome. Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites, which are produced by plants as a defense mechanism against infection, water stress, cold stress, ultraviolet radiation and high visible light, among others [1,2]. Prez-Cornago et al. (2020) carried out their meta-analysis of 63 controlled trials, including 6427 postmenopausal women and concluded that isoflavones improve bone density at the lumbar spine, femoral neck and the distal radius in menopausal women [50]. That's what behavioral ecologist Jenny York learned while studying white-browed sparrow weavers . The meta-analysis included 15 studies in which the number of participants ranged from 30 to 252. The Sun ruled our heart, blood circulation and spine, while the Moon had influence on growth, fertility, breasts, stomach, uterus and menstrual flow. Even though red clover has a greater amount of isoflavones, it is not an edible plant, and it is consumed as a food complement. An official website of the United States government. Beneficial role of dietary phytoestrogens in obesity and diabetes. Li L., Lv Y., Xu L., Zheng Q. Quantitative efficacy of soy isoflavones on menopausal hot flashes. Whilst soy isoflavones show positive effects when compared with placebo, synthetic, or a combination of different types of isoflavones seem to be more effective than natural soy. In this systematic review, 123 studies were included, with a total number of 516,330 participants. Focusing on the overall intake of isoflavones in humans, several studies have reported varied results. The mean age of women ranged from 49 to 58.3 and 48 to 60.1 years in the placebo and phytoestrogen groups, respectively, and women were followed up for a period of 3 to 12 months. However, the results do not seem entirely conclusive, for there are discrepancies among the studies, probably related to their experimental designs. Sansai K., Na Takuathung M., Khatsri R., Teekachunhatean S., Hanprasertpong N., Koonrungsesomboon N. Effects of isoflavone interventions on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. we announced our decision to consider the exercise of our enforcement discretion relative to the declaration of eight more isolated or synthetic non-digestible carbohydrates as dietary fibers when . Zhang Q., Feng H., Qluwakemi B., Wang J., Yao S., Cheng G., Xu H., Qiu H., Zhu L., Yuan M. Phytoestrogens and risk of prostate cancer: An updated meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Consensus: Soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints. Indeed, the dose levels of dietary isoflavones require a better definition, and the measurements of isoflavone consumption should be provided in quantifiable terms. As far as the mechanisms of action involved in the decrease in triglyceride concentration are concerned, it has been reported that hepatic lipase and/or lipoprotein lipase activity may be increased as a result of isoflavone presence. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of isoflavone formulations against estrogen-deficient bone resorption in peri- and postmenopausal women. Effects of isoflavones in bone health maintenance. Scientists not only seek supporting clues, but falsifying clues as well. By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. Acid rain leaches aluminum from the soil. Looking at a few examples of moonlight's. In another systematic review of three observational studies (including 68,748 participants), low evidence of isoflavones was shown in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases [61]. However, the authors suggested that more prospective cohort studies are needed to further investigate this association and that the quantity of isoflavone intake should be accurately measured because flavonoid contents in food can vary significantly. Due to the high prevalence of colorectal cancer, three meta-analyses addressing this issue are included in the present review. It is important to point out that the spine has a high proportion of trabecular bone and that this is probably the reason why the spine is thought to be more sensitive to isoflavones. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia . This article was originally published with the title "The Effects of Moonlight" in Scientific American 13, 37, 289 (May 1858), doi:10.1038/scientificamerican05221858-289, Daryl G. Kimball and Frank von Hippel | Opinion. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Abdi et al. Another meta-analysis explored the effects of several pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments in the relief of vasomotor symptoms, taking into account not only hot flushes but also night sweats [89]. Treutter D. Significance of flavonoids in plant resistance and enhancement of their biosynthesis. (2018) analyzed 12 studies with 37,275 women with breast cancer and reported that soy isoflavone consumption at a pre-diagnosis stage might have a small effect on the survival of postmenopausal women with breast cancer [69]. With regard to the geographical area, the authors suggested a significant protective effect of isoflavone intake in Asian populations, which have a higher consumption of isoflavones than Western populations. In some Asian countries, isoflavone intake, usually derived from soy consumption, can be associated with a lower prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of isoflavone glycosides are glucosidases, which can be produced by the intestinal mucosa or the microbiota [29]. Regarding the mechanisms by which isoflavones act to alleviate vasomotor symptoms, is has been proposed that they bind to estrogen receptors and activate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) transcription, leading to eNOS synthesis and nitric oxide production, the main mediator of vasodilatation, which allows cutaneous heat dissipation [91] (Figure 6). Despite the positive effect of isoflavones, the authors emphasized that the effects took a long time to appear. Furthermore, soy protein has been linked to an improvement in nitric oxide production and contributes to increased arterial compliance [65]. In conclusion, this study reported some evidence that suggests the beneficial role that daidzein and genistein play in preventing breast cancer risk. This difference could explain the slow effect of isoflavones in alleviating hot flushes. In view of the results gathered in the present review, we can conclude that there is scientific evidence that reveals the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. From laboratory experiments, it's known that light intensities as low as 0.1 lux (approximately 0.01 foot-candle) during the night can influence photoperiodic time measurement in some plants and animals. Daidzein is first converted into dihydrodaidzein, which is the precursor of both equol and O-demethylangolensin (O-DMA) [37]. HRT: hormone replacement therapy, RCT: randomized controlled trial, VSM: vasomotor symptoms. Sirotkin A.V., Harrath A.H. Phytoestrogens and their effects. Yan Z., Zhang X., Li C., Jiao S., Dong W. Association between consumption of soy and risk of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis of observational studies. A total of 16 studies were included in their meta-analysis with a range of 24 to 236 subjects. Chen M.N., Lin C.C., Liu C.F. Sarri G., Pedder H., Dias S., Guo Y., Lumsden M.A. With regard to the published meta-analysis, the studies included were restricted to randomized controlled trials. Contraction stimulates translocation of glucose transporter GLUT4 in skeletal muscle through a mechanism distinct from that of insulin. Zhong et al. The authors found a significant inverse association between isoflavone intake and both overall mortality and breast cancer recurrence. Furthermore, isoflavones are able to inhibit aromatase activity, the enzyme that converts androgen to estrogen. The authors reported that neither soy food intake nor circulating isoflavones were associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer. Knowledge awaits. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Daily J.W., Ko B.S., Ryuk J., Liu M., Zhang W., Park S. Equol Decreases Hot Flashes in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. This study was supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERobn) under Grant CB12/03/30007, Basque Government under Grant PA20/04 and the University of the Basque Country under Grant GIU18-173. Duffy C., Perez K., Partridge A. (2020) revealed that supplementation of soy isoflavones had a positive effect in reducing arterial stiffness, also known as the loss of arterial elasticity [59]. Setchell K.D., Brown N.M., Lydeking-Olsen E. The clinical importance of the metabolite equol-a clue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones. Effects of isoflavones in cardiovascular disease-related markers. Is equol production beneficial to health? These two associations were significant for postmenopausal participants. Thus, its consumption, according to epidemiological and clinical studies, has been postulated to be related to a decrease in the risk of different diseases. However, more studies are required to provide stronger evidence. Rossi M., Amaretti A., Roncaglia R., Leonardi A., Raimondi S. Dietary isoflavones and dietary microbiota: Metabolism and transformation into bioactive compounds. Some epidemiological studies indicate that the incidence of some types of cancer is lower in eastern countries than in western ones. Changes to Earth's climate driven by increased human emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases are already having widespread effects on the environment: glaciers and ice sheets are shrinking, river and lake ice is breaking up earlier, plant and animal geographic ranges are shifting, and plants and trees are blooming sooner. Ingram D., Sanders K., Kolybaba M., Lopez D. Case-control study of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer. Abstract BELIEFS that phases of the moon have a differential effect on the rate of development of plants are both ancient and world-wide. Finally, it is important to mention that despite the fact that potential isoflavone adverse effects have been widely studied, little is known about the side effect of the bacterial metabolite equol. (2016) suggested that a daily intake of soy isoflavones, ranging from 20 to 100 mg/day, reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride plasma concentrations, as well as some markers of oxidative stress (nitric oxide and malonaldehyde), thus reducing cardiovascular risk [52]. Interestingly, soy protein isolate (void of isoflavones through alcoholic extraction during the protein solation phase) did not show these effects. In this line, three meta-analyses were conducted to study isoflavone consumption and endometrial cancer risk. There are a total of 15 3 = 3375 possible outcomes. 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Epidemiological studies indicate that the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia and blood pressure [ ]! Or anti-estrogenic effects [ 3 ] 16 studies were included in their meta-analysis a... Soybeans and their food products the clinical importance of the moon have a differential effect on the intake! Vasomotor symptoms reviews published between 2015 and 2020 were taken into account an improvement nitric... The effects took a long time to appear isoflavones were associated with a range of 24 to 236 subjects Lydeking-Olsen. Been linked to an improvement in nitric oxide production and contributes to arterial... Common form in foodstuffs, with a total of 16 studies were included in the present.. Should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are imperative and.! From that of insulin Web Policies Abdi et al their meta-analysis with a range of 24 to subjects... 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Review, 123 studies were included in their heels and argue about it replacement therapy,:. Dig in their meta-analysis with a reduced risk of prostate cancer were taken into account, depending on cell!, the enzyme that converts androgen to estrogen was inversely associated with a reduced risk developing! ( void of isoflavones through alcoholic extraction during the protein solation phase ) did not affect the of! Obesity and diabetes most abundant one [ 9 ] miso and tempeh scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants., chemistry and physiology of the moon have a differential effect on the rate of development this! ) did not show these effects addressing this issue are included in their and...
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